FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF LIVESTOCK EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF WESTERN BHUTAN

Abstract

Livestock farming is a major source of income for the Bhutanese population, and the availability and effectiveness of livestock extension services play a vital role in empowering livestock farmers. Evaluating farmers’ perceptions of livestock extension service delivery is essential for understanding the services that align with farmers’ needs. This study aimed to assess farmers' perceptions regarding livestock extension service delivery in selected districts of western Bhutan. A total of 180 livestock farmers from Thimphu and Samtse districts were interviewed. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, Fisher’s exact test, and principal component analysis (PCA). Most respondents (Thimphu, 95.6%; Samtse, 98.9%) reported availing of livestock extension services. There was a significant association between the district and the perception of service provision (p < 0.05), with respondents from Thimphu expressing a more favorable perception compared to those from Samtse. Regarding farmers' perception of professionalism and staff attitude, a significant association was found with the frequency of service availed (p<0.05).  Three main components were identified for respondents’ perception of the impact of services (impact on farm management, farm productivity, and knowledge base of farmers). Additionally, there were some differences (p<0.05) between respondents from Thimphu and Samtse concerning the constraints affecting the effectiveness of extension service delivery. The primary constraint identified was the inadequate planning of extension programs, particularly in cases where a single extension worker was responsible for covering a large geographic area. The study revealed that, on the whole, farmers in the western region hold a positive perception of livestock extension service delivery. However, some variations in perception were noted between respondents from the two districts, underscoring the need for approaches to address specific regional challenges and enhance the effectiveness of extension services.