Bhutan Journal of Animal Science

ASSOCIATION OF COW-LEVEL FACTORS WITH MASTITIS OCCURRENCE IN DAIRY CATTLE IN SAMDRUPJONGKHAR DISTRICT

Kinzang Chedup, Sangay Rinchen, Sangay Letho — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mastitis continues to be a major concern impacting dairy production and herd productivity in Bhutan, and evidence on cow-level factors associated with mastitis is limited. Routine surveillance data offer an opportunity to explore host-related associations under field conditions, to assess the association between selected cow-level factors (age, parity, and breed) and mastitis occurrence among dairy cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted using routine mastitis surveillance data from 355 lactating cows screened across six sub-districts under Samdrupjongkhar District. Mastitis status was determined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), with cows classified as positive if at least one udder quarter tested positive. Age and parity were categorized into biologically relevant groups, and breed was classified as Pure Jersey or Jersey cross on phenotypic characteristics. Firth penalized logistic regression was applied to address sparse outcome events and unequal subgroup sizes. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated, and model fit was assessed using the likelihood ratio test. The overall mastitis prevalence was 12.1% (43/355). Unadjusted prevalence was higher among Pure Jersey cows (42.1%) compared with Jersey cross cows (10.4%). In the multivariable Firth regression model, breed was the only factor significantly associated with mastitis occurrence. Jersey cross cows had markedly lower odds of mastitis compared to Pure Jersey cows (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06-0.42, p< 0.001). Age and parity were not significantly associated with mastitis. The overall model was statistically significant (LR χ² = 19.55, df = 6, p = 0.0033). Mastitis occurrence in the study population was relatively low, and breed was the only cow-level factor significantly associated with mastitis. Due to the use of routine surveillance data and a limited number of positive cases, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further studies incorporating larger sample sizes and management-level risk factors are recommended to better characterize mastitis epidemiology in Bhutan.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF PRODUCING HATCHING EGGS AND COMMERCIAL DAY-OLD CHICKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE POULTRY BREEDING CENTERS IN BHUTAN

Deki Yangzom, Shekhar Chhetri — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Poultry production plays an important role in rural livelihoods and food security in Bhutan, yet limited studies exist on its cost structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the financial efficiency and profitability of three regional poultry breeding centers in Bhutan namely Regional Poultry Breeding Center (Paro), National Poultry Development Center (Sarpang), and Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Center (Lingmithang) to understand their economic performance and financial viability. Through comparative cost analysis and financial indicators such as Return on Investment (ROI), Break-even Point (BEP), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), the research identified key cost drivers and performance disparities among the centers. Feed emerged as the highest cost contributor, comprising over 56% of the total cost of production across all the centers, followed by labor cost, which ranged from 25.79% to 34.74%. The cost of producing a hatching egg varied from Nu. 19 at RPBC to Nu. 31 at RPPBC, while the cost per DOC ranged from Nu. 49 to Nu. 70. Despite these operations, all centers operated at a loss during the production cycle of 2023-2024, with ROI figures falling between – 68.05% and – 76.16%. The current subsidized DOC selling price of Nu. 30 is insufficient, with break-even prices estimated at Nu. 93.30 (RPBC), Nu. 125.84 (NPDC), and Nu. 135.31 (RPPBC). The findings point to inefficiencies rooted in cost management and infrastructure, underscoring the need for region-specific strategies, such as improved feed utilization and labor productivity, to strengthen the long-term viability of Bhutan’s poultry breeding centers.

SUCCESSFUL RUMENOTOMY FOR RETRIEVAL OF AN INGESTED CAR KEY IN DAIRY COW: A CASE REPORT

Sonam Choden — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Foreign body ingestion is a common issue in cattle that may lead to serious complications if not managed promptly. A 9-year-old cross-breed jersey dairy cow was presented with suspected ingestion of an automatic car key one week prior to presentation. The cow was clinically normal at presentation, and diagnostic facilities including radiography were unavailable. The tentative diagnosis was based on the owner’s history and automatic unfolding of the car’s side mirrors when the cow approached, indicating proximity to the key. Exploratory rumenotomy was performed under standing sedation with proximal paravertebral nerve block. The key was successfully retrieved from the reticulum without any complications. The cow remained physiologically stable throughout the perioperative period, with uneventful recovery within two weeks. Exploratory rumenotomy proved feasible in resource limited field settings with systemic clinical evaluation. Successful retrieval resulted in uneventful recovery. Vehicle sensor activation based on proximity served as an unconventional field diagnostic indicator.

ASSESSMENT OF CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT IN COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK FEEDS IN BHUTAN: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Ganga Maya Rizal, Rinchen Wangmo — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A retrospective analysis of % crude protein (% CP) content was conducted on 410 commercial concentrate feed samples (2018–2022) analyzed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Bhutan. CP was determined using the Kjeldahl method and compared against Minimum Nutrient Requirement Standards (MNRS, BSAF 2025). Overall, 52.92% of samples met MNRS, while 47.08% were below standard. A Python 3 software (spicy, numpy, matplotlib) was run to test for Shapiro–Wilk (normality); Levene’s test (homogeneity); Kruskal–Wallis H test (non-parametric ANOVA equivalent); Dunn’s post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction; one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test with α = 0.05 throughout to assess the variation of % CP against MNRS. Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant differences among 13 feed sub-categories (H = 83.77, p < 0.001). Piggery feeds had significantly lower CP than cattle and poultry feeds (p < 0.001), while no difference existed between cattle and poultry. Dunn’s test confirmed that all significant pairwise differences involved pig feeds. Wilcoxon tests showed sow ration and pig starter were significantly below MNRS. These findings indicate systemic protein deficiency in pig feeds and highlight the need for improved feed formulation and regulatory control.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POULTRY SUBSIDY SUPPORT ON POULTRY FARM PRODUCTIVITY IN SARPANG AND TSIRANG DISTRICTS OF BHUTAN

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the association between government poultry subsidies programmes and farm productivity and socio-economic outcomes among poultry farmers in Sarpang and Tsirang districts of Bhutan. A cross-sectional study design was employed from 1 September to 30 December 2024, involving 79 randomly selected poultry farmers. Data on access to subsidies, including shed construction materials, poultry equipment, and layer day-old chicks, and subsequent changes in farm productivity and household socio-economic indicators were collected through structured face-to-face interviews using the Epicollect5 mobile data collection platform. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used to assess differences in reported outcomes across categories. The 32% of respondents had commercial layer farm, followed by semi-commercial farms (24%) and subsistence farms (19%) and on the other hand, broiler farming scale was equally distributed between semi-commercial and commercial systems. Substantial percentages of the respondents were literate (72%) and all the respondents had the poultry farming experiences. A significant proportion of the respondents (77.22%) reported an increase in poultry farm productivity following receipt of subsidies, while some respondents (48.10%) indicated improvements in household socio-economic conditions. A chi-square was conducted to examine how the responds are distributed across all categories. The frequencies of reported socio-economic outcomes were not equally distributed across the multiple response categories, with livelihood differ significantly from an equal distribution across the 12 categories (χ2=177.12, df=11, p<0.001). Similarly, reported changes in farm productivity differed significantly among respondents (χ² = 128.6, df = 3, p < 0.001). These findings indicate that access to government poultry subsidies is associated with improved perceived farm productivity and socio-economic benefits among poultry farmers in the study areas. Strengthening poultry training and monitoring strategies may enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of poultry subsidy programmes in Bhutan.

EFFECT OF EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM (EM) SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS AT SHOMPANGKHA BLOCK IN SARPANG DISTRICT

Surya Bahadur Chamling Rai, Arjun Gurung, Anup Sharma, Janga Bdr Gaylal — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study evaluated the effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) solution supplementation on the production performance of commercial broiler chickens. A total of 408 unsexed broiler chicks were randomly assigned into two groups: control and treatment, with three replications each (n = 68 per replicate). The treatment group received EM via drinking water and bedding spray as a 2% solution for 56 days, while the control group did not receive EM supplementation. The trial aimed to assess the effects of EM on average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality. Body weight and feed intake were recorded daily and then consolidated into a weekly data set to calculate ADG and FCR. At the end of six weeks, the ADG was 60.89 ± 34.07 g in the treatment group and 55.96 ± 32.51 g in the control group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.803). Similarly, at eight weeks, the ADG was 55.75 ± 35.09 g (treatment) and 53.91 ± 29.19 g (control), with no significant difference (p = 0.0803). In contrast, the FCR values demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = .006). The treatment group consistently exhibited a lower FCR, starting from 0.96 at day 7 to 2.55 at day 56 as compared to the control group, which ranged from 1.43 to 2.64 over the same period. This indicates improved feed efficiency due to EM supplementation. Mortality was higher in the treatment group (7.35%) compared to the control group (3.92%) resulting from heat stress and western-end location of treatment group pens that had direct exposure to sunlight for a longer duration during the trial. The findings suggest that EM supplementation did contribute to better feed efficiency in commercial broilers.

FIELD HERNIOPLASTY USING PVC INSECT SCREEN MESH FOR TRAUMATIC VENTRAL ABDOMINAL HERNIA IN A JERSEY CROSSBRED COW IN BHUTAN: A CASE REPORT

Narayan Pokhrel, Cheda, Karma Yangki — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A six-year-old female Jersey crossbred cow weighing approximately 300–350 kg from Ngarpongtang village, Thangrong Gewog, Mongar Dzongkhag, was referred to the District Veterinary Hospital, Mongar, for further treatment of a voluminous abdominal swelling. The owner reported that the swelling developed after a fall from a cliff. Clinical examination confirmed a soft, reducible right lateral ventral abdominal hernia with a large hernial sac in the absence of ultrasonographic facilities. The hernial contents comprised loops of the large and small intestines. Surgical correction was performed under field conditions in lateral recumbency using xylazine and local infiltration anesthesia with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. Before insertion, the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) insect screen mesh, which is locally available in hardware shops, was prepared aseptically by thoroughly washing with detergent, rinsing with normal saline, and soaking in povidone-iodine solution. Hernioplasty was performed by securing the prepared mesh over the hernial defect with non-absorbable suture material in a simple interrupted pattern following manual reduction of the hernial contents. After surgery, the wound was managed using gamma benzene hexachloride cream after an antiseptic dressing, followed by broad-spectrum antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for seven days. The animal made a full recovery and was confirmed to be pregnant within three months of surgery, displaying full restoration of productive function. This case illustrates that hernioplasty using PVC insect screen mesh can be executed satisfactorily under resource-limited field conditions in Bhutan.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CYSTOLITHS BY CYSTOTOMY IN A GOLDEN TERRIER DOG UNDER RESOURCE-LIMITED FIELD CONDITIONS: A CASE REPORT

Kinzang Chedup, Tenzin Wangchuk — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A four-year-old Golden Terrier (mixed breed) female dog was presented to the Regional Veterinary Hospital & Epidemiology Center with the complaint of urinary incontinence, severe hematuria, dysuria, and stranguria. Feeding habits were reported to be normal. Clinical examination was performed and all the vital physiological parameters like conjunctival mucous membrane, pulse rate, and rectal temperature were normal. The animal exhibited pain upon palpation of the lower abdominal region. The dog's condition was confirmed as Cystolith through radiographic imaging (X-ray), with technical assistance from the Human General Hospital. The dog remained clinically affected for over 15 months following initial presentation with pollakiuria and dysuria. Cystotomy was performed to remove the two Cystoliths detected in the urinary bladder lumen. Cystoliths were triangular and square prism-shaped, weighing 11g and 13 g, respectively. Post-operatively, the dog was treated with antibiotics: Enrofloxacin (5 mg per kg body weight, b.i.d orally for 5 days); Chlorpheniramine maleate (0.4mg/kg or 4mg total dose, b.i.d orally), and Prednisolone (1mg/kg or 10mg total dose, orally, o.d). The post-surgical follow-up on the 7^th day showed the dog made an uneventful recovery except for a minor swelling over the incision line, which subsided after administration of Serratiopeptidase tablet (10mg, total dose, orally). This case illustrates the prolonged discomfort endured by the animal due to the delayed diagnosis of the condition in the limited veterinary setting especially due to lack of point-of-care diagnostic facilities. However, the uneventful recovery of the affected dog indicates that cystotomy is the choice of medical interventions to treat cystolithiasis, regardless of the degree of affection, in dogs.

FIELD-BASED SURGICAL CORRECTION OF CONGENITAL LABIAL FUSION IN JERSEY CROSSBRED CATTLE: A CASE SERIES

Narayan Pokhrel, Cheda — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Congenital labial fusion (CLF) is a reproductive abnormality in cattle, charcaterized by occlusion of the labia majora by fibrous connective tissue. This paper reports three cases of CLF in Jersey crossbred heifers intervened at different Gewogs in Mongar Dzongkhag, between January 2024 and March 2026. All reported animals had a history of vulvar fusion from birth and experienced difficulty urinating. During clinical examination, a small residual vulvar opening of 5-10 mm in diameter was observed, urine was passing through these openings as dribbles, and the artificial insemination (AI) gun could not be passed through in any case. Surgery was performed in the standing position under xylazine and caudal epidural anesthesia with 2% lignocaine; in a locally made travis. A longitudinal incision was made through the fused labia using a hemostat as a probe to guide the incision. The mucosal edges were exposed and apposed with a non-absorbable nylon (polyamide) monofilament suture, USP size 1, in a simple interrupted pattern. Postoperatively, all animals were administered a single dose of long-acting oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg body weight, intramuscular) and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, intramuscular) for three days, and daily wound dressing for three days with povidone iodine, followed by gamma benzene hexachloride. Uneventful wound healing was observed in all three cases, and the sutures were removed on the 10^th day. One animal showed standing heat after the 30^th day of surgery and was subsequently inseminated. None of the patients experienced postoperative complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of CLF in Jersey crossbred cattle in Bhutan. This paper illustrates that CLF in cattle can be surgically corrected successfully by a simple surgical procedure in field settings with the help of basic equipment and locally accessible materials.

COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES REGARDING RABIES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN SARPANG DZONGKHAG

Cheten Zangmo, Sonam Dorji Layrab — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Despite global progress in prevention, rabies continues to cause preventable deaths in both humans and animals worldwide. In Bhutan, the disease remains a significant public health concern in high-risk regions such as Sarpang Dzongkhag, where recent outbreaks have resulted in animal infections and a human fatality. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to rabies prevention and control among residents of Sarpang. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-month period, employing a simple random sampling technique among 294 residents from Tareythang, Chhuzaggang, and Umling Gewogs. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using univariate binary logistic regression and Pearson’s Chi-square test to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and KAP outcomes. Results showed that 86.4% of respondents possessed adequate knowledge, 99.3% demonstrated positive attitudes, and 90.5% reported good preventive practices. Education level, age, profession, and history of animal bites were significantly associated with higher levels of knowledge (p < 0.05). However, despite the overall high level of awareness, 45.9% of respondents were unaware that rabies is 100% fatal, some relied on traditional treatment methods, and 56.8% had not participated in any rabies awareness programs. These findings underscore the need for strengthened, targeted community-based interventions to enhance rabies prevention and control efforts. Moreover, the findings identify key gaps to guide policy and programs in Bhutan, particularly in strengthening risk communication, community engagement, and equitable access to rabies prevention services in high-risk areas.

ASSESSING THE TRANSITION TOWARD REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: AWARENESS, ACCEPTANCE, AND CONSTRAINTS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AMONG YAK HERDERS IN BUMTHANG, BHUTAN

Leki Tshering — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This quantitative cross‑sectional survey investigated awareness, acceptance, and barriers to artificial insemination (AI) adoption among 36 yak herders from Chhoekhortoe and Dhur chiwogs under Chhoekhor Gewog, Bumthang Dzongkhag, Bhutan. Although AI has the potential to enhance genetic merit, productivity, and disease control in yak populations, its use in Bhutan’s highland pastoral systems remains restricted and poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness, willingness to accept, and perceived obstacles to AI adoption among yak herders in Bumthang Dzongkhag. A structured questionnaire was used to administer a quantitative cross‑sectional survey to 36 yak herders, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics together with non‑parametric tests, including the one‑sample Wilcoxon signed‑rank test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann‑Whitney U test, to assess location‑specific differences and respondents’ perceptions. The proportion of respondents who were aware of AI was 52.8%. Location had a significant influence on awareness (p = 0.005), with herders in Chhoekhortoe showing significantly higher awareness (72.7%, n=22) than those in Dhur (21.4%, n=14). Despite this variation, 91.7% of herders expressed willingness to adopt AI. The main perceived benefit was genetic improvement, followed by improved disease resistance, increased productivity, and reduced inbreeding. Despite the benefits of AI in yaks, three key challenges to adoption were identified, with transportation constraints emerging as the most significant barrier, followed by difficulties in the management of breeding bulls and persistent cultural preferences favoring natural mating practices. These findings indicate that AI adoption in yak farming is in an incipient but promising phase, with high acceptance despite heterogeneous awareness and logistical constraints. Enhancing adoption requires strengthening extension services, improving infrastructure for AI delivery in remote locations, and implementing targeted awareness campaigns, particularly in less‑exposed communities. In Bhutan, promoting AI in yak production systems may contribute to improved productivity and enhanced genetic diversity.

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF YAK FARMING IN HIGHLAND AREAS OF THIMPHU DZONGKHAG: AN ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMAL HERD SIZE UNDER CHANGING LIVELIHOOD CONDITIONS

Sonam Loday, Kul Bdr Gurung, Sonam Penjore, Jigme Wangdi — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Yak husbandry is a vital source of livelihood for highland communities in Bhutan, deeply rooted in tradition and contributing significantly to local economies, cultures, and ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the optimal Yak herd size required for household economic viability in Thimphu Dzongkhag. A total of 108 Yak herding households were surveyed across Soe, Naro, Lingzhi, and Dagala Gewogs. The study concluded that the "break-even herd size" based on income–expenditure parity (income ≥ expenditure from Tables 5 and 6), as well as equating annual household income to the mean rural household income, it is approximated that an average of 23 milch Yaks in a herd will sustain the Yak pastoralist household year-round. However, the estimated herd size should be interpreted as a rough proxy, not an optimised herd size. It is derived from descriptive comparisons between mean annual income, expenditure and mean rural household income reported in the Bhutan Living Standard Survey. Dagala Gewog demonstrated the highest average income from Yak husbandry (Nu. 451,797), while other Gewogs relied more heavily on off-farm income sources such as cordyceps harvesting, non-wood forest products, and porter services. The study also observed that Yak herding is predominantly sustained by older, less-educated individuals, with minimal participation from younger generations, denoting a potential future decline of the practice. Productivity indicators, including a mean daily milk yield of 1.05 ± 0.04 kg and a mean lactation length of 183 ± 13 days, were consistent with regional standards. However, variations in bull replacement intervals and breeding management raised concerns about potential inbreeding. Additionally, climate change emerged as a critical stressor, manifesting through glacial retreat, pasture degradation, drying water sources, and increased livestock predation. Around 70% of Yak mortality was attributed to wildlife depredation. Despite these challenges, herders across all Gewogs recognised Yak husbandry as the most reliable and sustainable livelihood option. The study recommends interventions, including human-wildlife coexistence programs, rangeland restoration and management, genetic improvement programs, climate change adaptation strategies, and support that encourages youths’ participation in Yak husbandry to enhance the viability of Yak herding and preserve this essential highland livelihood system.

FISH BIODIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN SUNKOSH RIVER TRIBUTARIES, BHUTAN: A BASELINE ASSESSMENT

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Baseline information on freshwater fish biodiversity is essential for effective Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and sustainable land-use planning. However, biodiversity data in Bhutan remain limited due to diverse reasons. This study assessed fish species composition and spatial distribution in selected tributaries of the Sunkosh River Basin in Tsirang District of Bhutan. Field surveys were conducted from 21 April to 10 May 2025 using a stratified, site-based sampling, by means of electrofishing and cast nets. A total of 274 fish individuals representing 17 species, 13 genera, four families, and two orders were recorded. Species richness varied markedly among sites, ranging from three species in Katley Khola to eleven species at the Kali Khola-Sunkosh confluence. This pattern indicates pronounced habitat heterogeneity and strong ecological connectivity. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis or commonly Chocolate Mahseer or Katley (in Bhutanese usage) was the most abundant species, followed by Ptychobarbus spp. (Snow trout/Snow carp) and Aborichthys spp., (Torrent loaches) while Garra spp. (Stone suckers or Sucker fish) showed wide spatial distribution across river systems. Notably, Tor putitora (Golden Mahseer or Sernya in locally), Semiplotus semiplotus (Kharpata or Assam carp), and Pterocryptis barakensis (Barak catfish) were recorded exclusively at the confluence zone, underscoring its conservation significance. One-way ANOVA revealed significant spatial variation in fish abundance among sampling sites for electrofishing and cast-net sampling (F₇,₁₆ = 4.37, p < 0.05), while diversity analysis using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index indicated moderate to high fish diversity (Shannon: 0.76–2.23; Simpson: 0.44–0.89), with greater diversity in downstream and confluence habitat of sampling stations 4 to 5 (S4–S5) and lower diversity at sampling station 1 (S1) reflecting limited habitat complexity in the smaller Katley Khola stream. The study provides critical baseline data to support environmental clearance, impact mitigation, and long-term biodiversity monitoring under a broader rehabilitation and environmental management framework known as Model Rehabilitation Programme, MRP. The findings emphasise the need for prioritizing ecologically sensitive zones and conducting additional seasonal surveys to capture undetected species and temporal variation.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SUBSIDY SUPPORT IN PIGGERY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN BHUTAN

Tenzin Penjor, Jambay Dorjee, Pema Thinley — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research was undertaken to assess the impact of subsidy support in piggery development programs in Bhutan. Pig farming plays an important role in improving rural livelihoods, yet its growth is often constrained by limited capital, high costs and inadequate market access. Understanding the effectiveness of subsidy interventions is therefore essential for ensuring sustainable livestock development. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the socio-economic impact of subsidy support especially materials for shed construction on piglet production, income generation, employment creation, asset accumulation and livelihood improvement among beneficiary farmers. Research areas were purposively selected for the study based on its potentiality and existing pig rearing areas. Selecting respondents who met predefined criteria of having received subsidy support and possessing current or recent experience in pig rearing was essential to ensure the validity and relevance of the findings. A structured questionnaire was administered through telephonic interviews. The questionnaire was pre-tested in one potential pig-rearing Dzongkhag, and necessary modifications were made prior to final data collection. A sample size of 127 beneficiaries was determined using Yamane’s formula at 95% confidence level. The mean piglet production was 83.53 and 169.84 for before and after subsidy support. Piggery as main source of income was 22.83% (n=29) and 96.85% (n=123) for before and after subsidy support respectively. About 23.62% (n=30) of the respondents created an employment opportunity and at least 57 respondents purchased one or more assets. About 79.2% of the respondents’ livelihood graduated from satisfactory to sufficient level and 100% from not enough to satisfactory level. Livelihood graduation means households moving to higher economic level through a sequenced set of interventions that build their income, assets and resilience over time. Data were collected from same respondents for both before and after subsidy support to measure the change. The study revealed that the majority 81.1% (n=103) were in the age group of 22-52 years indicating the viability of the pig farming activities. However, it was also found that, the support required on shed constructions was 35.43% (n=45), input supply of 27.56% (n=35) and marketing of 12.60% (n=16) among others. The feed price, animal restocking and marketing still remained as major problems among others. Descriptive and graphical analysis were performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0. This study findings suggest that subsidy support has had a positive contribution, and indicate that contributing with some form of cost-sharing mechanism could help ensure its sustainability.

ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN BROILERS ROSS 308 DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH Moringa oleifera

Bipana Chhetri, Nidup Dorji — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Broiler farming is a lucrative business for Bhutanese farmers. However, Bhutan has not achieved self-sufficiency in broiler meat probably because of fewer farmers take up broiler farming, small flock size, health related issues and high cost of production. A study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing Moringa oleifera on the growth performance of ROSS 308 broiler. A total of 90-day-old chicks were randomly assigned into three groups with three replication each (10 chicks per replicate): no M. oleifera was provided (control, T0); 1.5 % (15g per 1 kg feed) supplemented with M. oleifera (treatment 1, T1); and 2.0% (20g per 1 kg feed) supplemented with M. oleifera (treatment 2, T2). There were slight significant differences between the average daily weight gain of chickens till week 5 among the groups (p<.439). At week 6, chickens assigned into T1 (121.86 ± 26.48g) and T2 (116.25±40.25g) gained higher weight than those in T0 (109.76±16.73g) at p<.05. Furthermore, chickens assigned into T1 gained the highest body weight than those chickens in T2 and T0 (p<.01). Moreover, the dressing percentage of the chickens was found higher in T1 group (78.13±13.48%), followed by T2 (77.9±13.48%) and control group (77.5±1.12%) (p<.01). These results suggest that supplementation of M. oleifera (with 15 g per 1 kg feed has slight effect in weight gain, average daily gain and dressing percentage. However, is has significant effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. Therefore, its practical implication in field is not recommended. Further research is needed on its use in drinking water and across different broiler breeds.

PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF HY-LINE BROWN PARENT STOCK IN THE THREE POULTRY BREEDING CENTRES IN BHUTAN

Jamyang Pelden, Shekhar Chhetri — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Poultry farming is an important part of Bhutan’s livestock production systems, playing an important role in enhancing food security and supporting rural livelihoods. Optimizing the performance of the parent stock (PS) is vital for improving farm productivity and sustaining egg production. This study assessed and compared the production and reproductive performance of Hy-Line Brown PS among the three government poultry breeding centres in Bhutan: Regional Poultry Breeding Centre (RPBC), Paro, National Poultry Development Centre (NPDC), Sarpang, and Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Centre (RPPBC), Mongar. Farm records from 2023 to 2024 were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RPBC recorded the highest hen-day and hen-housed egg production, followed by RPPBC, while NPDC showed the lowest performance. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was lowest at RPBC (1.83±0.15), followed by RPPBC (2.06±0.31), and highest at NPDC (2.79±0.91), and the differences were statistically significant at 95% confidence interval (p< 0.05). Mortality differed significantly (p< 0.05) between ages 1-17 weeks and 18-75 weeks. In the early stage of rearing, female mortality was highest at RPBC, while male mortality was highest at NPDC. In the later phase, female mortality was highest at NPDC and male mortality at RPBC. NPDC recorded the earliest age at first lay (134 days), whereas RPPBC achieved 50% lay earlier at 149 days, compared to RPBC (151 days) and NPDC (159 days), respectively. Age at peak lay was achieved earlier by RPPBC (173 days), followed by NPDC (186 days) and RPBC (219 days). Fertility and hatchability rates also varied significantly (p< 0.05) among the centers. Fertility was highest at RPBC (88.37±4.15%), followed by NPDC (85.91±3.66%) and RPPBC (85.58±5.89%). Hatchability of both set and fertile eggs was highest at RPPBC (56.20±10.64% and 70.47±9.93%, respectively), followed by NPDC (55.81±11.82% and 64.91±12.90%, respectively) while RPBC recorded the lowest hatchability at 44.78±13.67% and 56.80±15.88%, respectively. These findings highlight substantial variation in performance across centers demanding a need for targeted centre-specific management interventions to improve efficiency and reproductive success of Hy-Line Brown PS in Bhutan.

FIELD ASSESSMENT OF BREEDING BULL PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN WEST-CENTRAL AND EAST-CENTRAL BHUTAN

Dhan Bahadur Rai, Aita Kumar Bhujel, Abi Narayan Koirala — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the field performance of breeding bulls by comparing reported performance records with verified field data. We interviewed 195 farmers and evaluated 84 breeding bulls. The reported mean (±SD) values for the number of services, progeny produced, and natural service success rate were 14.9 ± 19.4 per bull per year, 8.8 ± 14.0 per bull per year, and 48.1 ± 30.5%, respectively. The validated values were significantly higher at 40.6 ± 32.9 per bull per year, 28.3 ± 26.3 per bull per year, and 65.6 ± 21.5%. We found significant differences between reported and validated performance records (p < 0.001), indicating major inaccuracies in the current reporting system. The coverage of breeding bulls recorded was 42.9%. Most bulls were supplied through community requests (85.6%) and managed effectively under the existing system. The bulls were generally healthy, with a mean body condition score of 3.05 ± 0.58; no significant differences were noted between regions. A strong link was found between existing and preferred bull management systems (p < 0.001). The payment of mating allowances positively impacted the health and performance of breeding bulls. Despite the bulls being in good health and well managed, 94.1% had not been screened for infectious diseases after being deployed in the field. Additionally, recommended practices, such as replacing breeding bulls within three years and sterilizing scrub bulls, were not adequately followed. To improve the effectiveness and sustainability of the breeding bull program, this study suggests strengthening performance recording and validation systems. It also recommends maintaining the current community-based procurement and Contract Bull Keeper management approach, ensuring timely payment of mating allowances, conducting annual disease screenings, and enforcing the timely replacement of breeding bulls and sterilization of scrub bulls.

ASSESS PREVALANCE AND IMPACT OF WATER ADULTERATION ON MILK COMPOSITION AND STANDARDS

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Milk quality is critical for ensuring public health, consumer confidence, and the production of safe dairy products. However, the adulteration of raw milk with water remains a common form of food fraud that compromises its nutritional composition and quality. This study assessed the prevalence and impact of water adulteration in raw milk and evaluated variations in milk composition across dairy farmer groups in Bhutan to provide baseline information for developing milk quality standards and implementing a quality-based milk pricing system. A total of 6,665 raw milk samples were collected from 52 Gewogs across 17 Dzongkhags between July 2022 and June 2024 and analyzed for major compositional parameters. The results revealed that 25.33% of the milk samples were adulterated with water. Water adulteration significantly reduced milk fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), ash content, and freezing point values, thereby lowering the nutritional quality of milk. Considerable variation in milk composition was observed among Dzongkhags. Wangdue, Trongsa, and Lhuntse Dzongkhags exhibited comparatively higher milk quality, characterized by elevated fat, SNF, protein, lactose, and ash contents, whereas Thimphu and Tsirang Dzongkhags recorded lower compositional values and a higher prevalence of water adulteration. The findings highlight the widespread occurrence of water adulteration and its adverse effects on milk quality. Strengthening routine quality monitoring, establishing rapid adulteration testing facilities at milk collection and processing centers, and implementing quality-based milk payment systems are recommended to improve milk quality, protect consumers, and support the sustainable development of the dairy sector.